REVISION SUMMARY NOTE(SOCIAL STUDIES) YEAR 5

WAGES AND INCOME

An income is a money an individual or business receives in exchange for labour and services.

While a wage is a fixed regular payment earned for work or services, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis.

REASONS WHY PEOPLE GET PAID DIFFERENT SALARIES WITHIN THE SAME ORGANIZATION

1.     Seniority or Experience

Some companies calculate compensation on the basis of seniority within the company or overall job experience.

2.      Qualifications or Expertise

In some cases, employees with the same job role may have very different qualifications, credentials or areas of expertise.

3.     Performance

Many employers provide economic incentives for strong performance. Two employees with similar backgrounds, seniority and job experience may still perform at different levels.

4.     Employee Negotiation

Some employees make more money than their colleagues simply because they are more assertive in requesting salary increases. In fact, many employees begin working for companies at higher salaries than their colleagues because they negotiated a higher level of compensation during the interview process.

 

NATURAL AND MAN-MADE DISASTERS

 

A disaster is a sudden event that causes great damage or loss of life. Natural disasters are caused by natural events while man-made disasters are caused as a result of human activities.

 

SOME NATURAL DISASTERS

1. Hurricanes: These are violent storms that originate over the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico or the North Pacific Ocean. For example Katrina in 2005, over 1836 lost their lives

2. Earthquakes: Earthquakes are the sudden shaking or rolling of the earth's surface. Earthquakes do not only occur on dry land. They also happen underneath the oceans. When this happens, it can cause a tsunami.

3. Drought and Famine:  A drought is a long period of unusually dry weather in an area where rain would normally be expected. This usually led to famine. Famine is an extreme scarcity of food.

 

Man-made disasters are usually as a result of human mistakes and carelessness. Examples: Plane crash, road accidents, collapsed bridges and buildings. Others include: environmental pollution such as oil spills, deforestation, terrorist attacks

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

 

Adolescence is the period following the onset of puberty during which a young person develops from a child into an adult.

Puberty is the period when a child's body undergoes dramatic sexual development. This period is called the pre-adolescence stage.

Example, hair appears in the armpits, wider shoulders, deep voice etc

 GENERAL PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

The puberty stage is also known as the pre-teen years and extends from age 9-13. Boys and girls experience puberty and changes in their bodies in different ways:

Some of the physical changes are:

Ø  hair begins to grow on his face, armpits etc

Ø  his shoulders become wider

Ø  his voice become deeper

Ø  enlarge hips for girls

Ø  increase in height and weight

Ø  some boys begin puberty at age 13 while some girls begin theirs at age 11.

 

SOME FACTORS HINDERING PHYSICAL GROWTH

1. Malnourishment: When a child does not eat good and healthy food, he or she will not get the required nutrients such as proteins, carbohydrates, and vitamins needed to develop properly.

2. Illness: Sometimes, certain illness affects the normal development of a child.

3. Hereditary conditions: Sometimes children develop conditions passed on to them from their parents that hinder physical development.

PERSONAL HYGIENE

What is personal hygiene?

This is the way of maintaining good health and prevents diseases. This means we must take extra care of our bodies.

Some of the things we can do to keep our bodies fit and healthy

1. Eating Nourishing Food: Having a balanced diet of food that has the right quantities of carbohydrates, protein, fat, minerals, and vitamins will keep our bodies strong and healthy.

2. Rest and Sleep: Our bodies need lots of rest and sleep. During sleep, our bodies replenish a lot of the energy lost during the day.

3. Regular Exercises: Exercising the body is very important. Activities such as running, walking and jogging, swimming and dancing keeps us physically fit and develop our bodies.

How we can keep our body clean every day

Bath at least once a day. As people work and play, they expend energy and release sweat and body odour. When bathing, we can use clean water, soap and sponge. Also after bathing, you can apply cream, deodorants and perfume.

Brush your teeth at least once a day with toothbrush or chewing stick. This prevents tooth decay and halitosis or bad breath.

Another important aspect of personal hygiene is keeping our toilet clean and washes your hands with soap and water anytime you use the toilet.

COMMUNICATION

Communication is simply the exchange of information between two people. Communication is a two-way process, which means that someone sends the information and another person receives and understands it. It can verbal, which involves speaking. It can also be non-verbal, which means communication without speaking, using signs and body language.

 TRADITIONAL MEANS OF COMMUNICATION

1. Town Crier: In villages, a town crier would walk around beating a gong and announcing messages for all to hear

2. Fire signal: In the past, people would light fires on high ground to alert people below.

3. Messenger: People would also send news through a messenger.

One of the disadvantages is that it is slow and not so reliable.

 MODERN MEANS OF COMMUNICATION

A. Electronic Means of Communication: This is the process of exchanging information with the aid of electronic devices. Examples:

1. Telephone 2. E-mail Radio

3. Television 4. Billboard

B. Mass Communication: This is the process of communicating with many people at the same time. We can use the following to communicate with many people at the same time:

1. Newspaper 2. Magazine

3. Television 4. Radio

4. Billboard

C. Post: People send letters and documents through the post office to people in other locations. The only disadvantage is that it may take a number of days for documents to be delivered.

TRADE

Trade means selling and buying.

 

Currency

 It is a system of money in general use in a particular country. e.g. Naira, Dollar, Euro

Export

This means goods and services taken to another country for sale.

Import

 This means goods and service brought in from abroad for sale.

Revenue

 This means income accruing from taxation to a government during a specified period of time.

Local Trade

 

The trade of locally produced goods such as yams, plantain and groundnuts between the north and south of Nigeria is a local trade. It is local because the local currency is  used

 

International Trade

 

 When countries buy and sell from each other, it is called international trade. For example, Most of Nigeria's revenue comes from selling crude oil produced in the Niger Delta to companies in the United States and Europe.

 

Trade by Barter

 This means exchanging goods for goods. For example, if a person wanted to buy some chickens, they would have to give the owner of the chickens something that they wanted, maybe a bag of beans.

some goods exported by Nigeria

 

Crude oil, cassava, cocoa, leather and plastic products.

 

Goods imported into Nigeria include:

 Ships, books, aircraft, appliances, drugs, cars, wristwatch, shoes, etc